Ε6202 - MACROSEISMOLOGY

INSTRUCTORS

COURSE KEY ELEMENTS

COURSE CONTENT:

Morphological character of earthquakes: Type of earthquake (vertical, horizontal, undulatory and rotational shaking). Duration of the earthquake. Direction of the earthquake. Intensity (acceleration) of earthquake. Macroseismic effects of earthquakes: on the earth’s surface, in the sea, on structures. Seismic intensities: effect of tectonic structure, effect of geological structure, types of foundation soils. Grades of seismic damage. Vulnerability of buildings: modern constructions, historical monuments. Macroseismic research methods: macroseismic scales, isoseismal method, Iso-damage method. The EMS98 scale. Macroseismic information networks, questionnaires. Macroseismic data of historical earthquakes, contribution of macroseismic research to the study of historical earthquakes and seismic hazard.

A. Lectures

• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• MACROSEISMIC EFFECTS
• INTENSITY – MAGNITUDE – SCALES
• EFFECTS ON HUMANS
• EFFECTS ON OBJECTS
• EFFECTS ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• EFFECTS ON CONSTRUCTIONS
• COLLECTION OF MACROSEISMIC DATA – QUESTIONNAIRES
• MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY ASSESSMENT
• EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY – ACCELERATION – VELOCITY
• CATASTROPHIC INTENSITY
• MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY ATTENUATION RELATIONS – ISOSEISMALS
• HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES – CALIBRATION METHODS
• MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS - MACROSEISMIC PARAMETERS USING THE INVERSION METHOD
• EARTHQUAKE CATALOGS – DATABASES OF MACROSEISMIC INTENSITIES
• SEISMIC HAZARD AND MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY
• VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS – VULNERABILITY CURVES
• EARTHQUAKE RISK
• ALERT SYSTEMS – EARTHQUAKE CRISIS MANAGEMENT
• BIG EARTHQUAKES

B. Practical and Laboratory Exercises

• PART Α: Macroseismic intensity assessment exercises from questionnaires with earthquake effects on people, objects, the natural environment and structures and overall assessment of the macroseismic intensity of historical and recent earthquakes
• PART Β: Exercises for calculation of macroseismic parameters
• PART C: Exercises for building vulnerability assessment
• PART D: "Mapathon" of inserting macroseismic data in databases - construction of intensity distribution maps

C. Fieldwork

One-day field exercise for vulnerability or damage assessment

LEARNING ACTIVITIES - TEACHING METHODS:

PLANNED LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

ASSESSMENT METHODS AND CRITERIA

Language: Greek          
The student evaluation includes:

I. LECTURES (50%)

· Oral examination with essay development (for characterization of seismic damage, building vulnerability and macroseismoc intensity)

II. PRACTICE EXERCISES (50%)

· Presentation of individual essay

The evaluation criteria of the course and the participation rates are described in the student handbook

RECOMMENDED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Suggested Bibliography

Α) Notes

• Kouskouna V. Macroseismologyς, [Code EUDOXUS: 86378564]

Β) Chapters in Books

• Papazachos Κ., G.F. Karakaisis, P.M. Chatzidimitriou. Introduction to seismology. [Code EUDOXUS: 11254], in Greek
• Stein S. & M. Wysession, 2003. An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure. Blackwell Publishing, 492pp.

C) Articles

• Cecic I., Musson R.M.W., 2004. Macroseismic Surveys in Theory and Practice. Natural Hazards 31: 39–61.
• Cecic I., Musson R.M.W. & Μ. Stucchi (with contributions by M.S. Barbano, R. Camassi, R. Glavcheva, G. Gruenthal, S. Kociu, V. Kouskouna, A. Levret, C. Papaioannou, L. Peruzza, C. Radu, V. Shumila, D. Slejko, I. Sovic), 1996. Do seismologists agree upon epicentre determination from macroseismic data? A survey of ESC Working group “Macroseismology”. ‘Annali di Geofisica’, XXXIX/5, 1013-1027.
• Kalantoni D., A. Pomonis, I. Kassaras, V. Kouskouna, K. Pavlou, S. Vassilopoulou, F. Karababa, K. Makropoulos, 2013. Pre-seismic vulnerability assessment of old Lefkada town (W. Greece) buildings with the use of EMS-98: comparison with the August, 14, 2003, Mw=6.3, earthquake’s coseismic effects, first results. Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics & 13. D-A-CH Tagung, 28-30 August, Vienna, Austria. ID-356, 10pp.
• Κaviris, G., Zymvragakis, A., Bonatis, P. Sakkas, G., Kouskouna, V., Voulgaris, N. (2022). Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for the Broader Messinia (SW Greece) Region. Pure Appl. Geophys. 179, 551–567. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-02950-z
• Kouskouna V. (2021). Updating the macroseismic intensity database of 19th century damaging earthquakes in Greece - A case study in Samos island. Acta Geophysica
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-021-00608-3.
• Kouskouna, V., Chailas, S., Makropoulos, K.C., Michalopoulou, D. & J. Drakopoulos, 1996. Simulation of macroseismic field in Central Greece. ‘Annali di Geofisica’, XXXIX/5, 1115-1124.
• Kouskouna V. & G. Sakkas, 2013. The University of Athens Hellenic Macroseismic Database (HMDB.UoA): Historical Earthquakes. Journal of Seismology, 17/4, 1253—1280.
• Kouskouna, V. & N. Malakatas, 2000. Correlation between EMS98 with damage reported of the earthquake of 7th September 1999. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, XXXVIII/B, 187-196.
• Kouskouna, V. & K. Makropoulos, 2004. Historical earthquake investigations in Greece: a journey through time. Investigating the records of past earthquakes. Annals of Geophysics, 47/2-3, 723-731.
• Kouskouna V, Ganas A, Kleanthi, M Kassaras I, Sakellariou, N Sakkas G, Valkaniotis S, Manousou E, Bozionelos G, Tsironi V, Karamitros I, Tavoularis N, Papaioannou Ch, Bossu R (2021). Evaluation of macroseismic intensity, strong ground motion pattern and fault model of the 19 July 2019 Mw5.1 earthquake west of Athens. J Seismol, doi.org/10.1007/s10950-021-09990-3.
• Kouskouna V, Sakkas G, Cecic I, Tsimpidaros VI, Sakkas S, Kaviris G, Tertulliani A (2020). Earthquake induced crises: game tree approached risk communication and lessons learnt. Annals of Geophysics, 63, doi.org/10.4401/ag-8405.
• Kouskouna V, Kaperdas V, Sakellariou N (2020). Comparing calibration coefficients constrained from early to recent macroseismic and instrumental earthquake data in Greece and applied to eighteenth century earthquakes. J Seismol, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09874-7.
• Makropoulos K., G. Kaviris and V. Kouskouna, 2012. An updated and extended earthquake catalogue for Greece and adjacent areas since 1900. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1425-1430.
• Musson R.M.W., Cecic I., 2002. Macroseismology. International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology, WHK. Lee, H. Kanamori, P.C. Jennings, C. Kisslinger (Eds), Elsevier Science Academic Press, Part A, 807-822.
• Sakkas G., V. Kouskouna & K. Makropoulos, 2010. Seismic Hazard Analysis in the Ionian Islands using Macroseismic Intensities. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences, 45, 239-248.
• Stavrianaki K., V. Kouskouna & T. Rossetto, 2013. Intensity EMS-98 for early-mid 20th century damaging earthquakes in Greece. Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics & 13. D-A-CH Tagung, 28-30 August, Vienna, Austria. ID-263, 10pp.
• Stucchi M., A. Rovida, A.A. Gomez Capera, P. Alexandre, T. Camelbeeck, M.B. Demircioglu, P. Gasperini, V. Kouskouna, R.M.W. Musson, M. Radulian, K. Sesetyan, S. Vilanova, D. Baumont, H. Bungum, D. Fäh, W. Lenhardt, K. Makropoulos, J.M. Martinez Solares, O. Scotti, M. Živčić, P. Albini, J. Batllo, C. Papaioannou, R. Tatevossian, M. Locati, C. Meletti, D. Viganò & D. Giardini, 2013. The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1000–1899. Journal of Seismology, 17/2, 523-544.

Related scientific Journals:

• Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, SSA Journals
• Geophysical Journal International, Oxford University Press
• Journal of Geophysical Research, AGU Publications
• Journal of Seismology, Springer
• Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Journal, Elsevier
• Tectonophysics, Journal, Elsevier
• Annals of Geophysics, INGV
• Seismological Research Letters, SSA Journals

¹ V.S.: Visitor Students (e.g. ERASMUS)